Electronic copies of these publications are available for individual, non-commercial use only (†equal contribution)
2019 and in press
Callaghan, B., Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Goff, B., Shapiro, M., Flannery, J., Lumian, D. S., Fareri, D. S., Caldera, C., & Tottenham, N. (in press). Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging.
Callaghan, B. L., Fields, A., Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L., Caldera, C., Humphreys, K. L., Goff, B., Flannery, J., Telzer, E. H., Shapiro, M., Tottenham, N. (in press). Mind and Gut: Associations between mood and gastrointestinal distress in children exposed to adversity. Development and Psychopathology.
Guyon-Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., Miron, D. M., Gleason, M. M., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (in press). Disinhibited social engagement disorder in early childhood and competence in early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.
Guyon-Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2019). Signs of attachment disorders and social functioning among early adolescents with a history of institutional care. Child Abuse and Neglect, 88, 96-106. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.005.
Humphreys, K. L. (in press). Understanding the link between early adversity and disease – stress, immunity, and prevention. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2018.12.019.
Humphreys, K. L. (in press). Future directions in the study and treatment of parent–child separation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1534209
Humphreys, K. L. (2019). Early caregiving intervention holds promise for long-term improvements in neural function following adversity. Biological Psychiatry, 85, e15-e16. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.12.005.
Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L., Goff, B., Telzer, E. H., Flannery, J., Gee, D. G., Park, V., Lee, S. S., & Tottenham, N. (in press). Friendship and social functioning following early institutional rearing: The role of ADHD symptoms. Development and Psychopathology
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Sacchet, M. D., Camacho, M. C., Colich, N. L., Ordaz, S. J., Ho, T. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Evidence for a sensitive period in the effects of early life stress on hippocampal volume. Developmental Science. (E-pub ahead of print). doi:10.1111/desc.12775
King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019). The neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments. Developmental Review, 51, 109-122. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2019.01.001
†Kircanski, K., †Sisk, L. M., Ho, T. C., Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Colich, N. L., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (in press). Early life stress, cortisol, frontolimbic connectivity, and depressive symptoms during puberty. Development and Psychopathology. (†equal contribution)
2018
Muscatell, K. A., Brosso, S., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018). Socioeconomic status and inflammation: A meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0259-2
Zeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018). Child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57, 637-644. doi:0.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.007
Ellwood-Lowe, M. E., Humphreys, K. L., Camacho, C. M., Sacchet, M. D., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Time-varying effects of income on hippocampal volume trajectories in adolescent girls. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 30, 41-50. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.12.005
Guyon-Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., Degnan, K., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. A. (in press). A prospective longitudinal study of reactive attachment disorder following early institutional care: Considering variable- and person-centered approaches. Attachment and Human Development. doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1499208
Guyon-Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. A. (2018). Course of disinhibited social engagement disorder from early childhood to early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57, 329–335.doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.02.009. Comment by Dr. Helen Minnis here.
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Choi, P., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Maternal depressive symptoms, self-focus, and caregiving behavior. Journal of Affective Disorders, 238, 465-471. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.072
Humphreys, K. L., Miron, D., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2018). Foster care promotes adaptive functioning in early adolescence among children who experienced severe, early deprivation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 811-821. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12865
Humphreys, K. L., Schouboe, S. N. F., Kircanski, K., Leibenluft, E., Stringaris, A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Irritability, externalizing, and internalizing psychopathology in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations and moderation by sex. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1460847
Humphreys, K. L., Tottenham, N., & Lee, S. S. (2018). Risky decision-making in children with and without ADHD: A prospective study. Child Neuropsychology, 24, 261-276. doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1264578
Humphreys, K. L., Watts, E. L., Dennis, E. L., King, L. S., Thompson, P. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Stressful life events, ADHD symptoms, and brain structure in early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Available early online. doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0443-5.
King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., Camacho, M. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). A person-centered approach to early life stress: Neurobiological and symptom correlates. Development and Psychopathology. doi:10.1017/S0954579418000184
LeMoult, J., Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Colich, N. L., Price, A. N., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Associations among early life stress, rumination, symptoms of psychopathology, and sex in youth in the early stages of puberty: A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Available early online. doi: 10.1007/s10802-018-0430-x.
Roth, M. C., Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Self-reported neglect, amygdala volume, and symptoms of anxiety in adolescent boys. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 80-89. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.016
2017
Colich, N. L., Williams, E. S., Ho, T. C., King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., Price, A. N., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017). The association between early life stress and prefrontal cortex activation during implicit emotion regulation is moderated by sex in early adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 1851-1864.
Ho, T. C., King, L. S., Leong, J. K., Colich, N. L., Humphreys, K. L., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017). Effects of sensitivity to life stress on uncinate fasciculus segments in early adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. doi:10.1093/scan/nsx065
†Davis, E. G., †Humphreys, K. L., McEwen, L. M., Sacchet, M. D., Camacho, M. C., MacIsaac, J. L., Lin, D., Kobor, M. S., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017). Diurnal cortisol, accelerated methylation age, and reduced hippocampal volume in adolescent girls. Translational Psychiatry, 7,e1223. doi:10.1038/tp.2017.188. (†equal contribution)
Galán, C. A., & Humphreys, K. L. (2017). ADHD and substance use: Current evidence and treatment considerations. Psychiatric Times.
Flannery, J., Gabard-Durnam, L., Shapiro, M., Goff, B., Caldera, C., Louie, J., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E., Humphreys, K. L., Lumian, D. S., Tottenham, N. (2017). Diurnal cortisol after early institutional care - Age matters. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 160-166.doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.03.006
Humphreys, K. L., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017). Signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years: Effects of institutional care history and high-quality foster care. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 675-684. doi:10.1017/S0954579417000256
VanTieghem, M. R., Gabard-Durnam, L., Goff, B., Flannery, J., Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E. H., Caldera, C., Louie, J. Y., Shapiro, M., Bolger, N., & Tottenham, N. (2017). Positive valence bias and parent-child relationship security moderate the association between early institutional care and internalizing problems. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 519-533. doi:10.1017/S0954579417000153
Zeanah, C. H., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017). Alternatives for abandoned children. Insights from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 182-188. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.024.
King, L. S., Colich, N. L., LeMoult, J., Humphreys, K. L., Ordaz, S. J., Price, A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017). The impact of the severity of early life stress on diurnal cortisol: The role of puberty. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 77, 68-74. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.024
Humphreys, K. L., Weems, C. F., & Scheeringa, M. S. (2017). The role of anxiety control and treatment implications of informant agreement on child PTSD symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46, 903-914. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1094739
2016
Humphreys, K. L., Esteves, K., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Drury, S. S. (2016). Accelerated telomere shortening: Tracking the lasting impact of early institutional care at the cellular level. Psychiatry Research, 246, 95-100. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.012.
Gleason, M. M. & Humphreys, K. L. (2016). Categorical diagnosis of extreme hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention in very young children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 37, 476-485. doi:10.1002/imhj.21592
Humphreys, K. L., Kircanski, K., Colich, N. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2016). Attentional avoidance of fearful facial expressions following early life stress is associated with impaired social functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 1174-1182. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12607
Singer, M. J., Humphreys, K. L., & Lee, S. S. (2016). Coping self-efficacy mediates the association between abuse during childhood and ADHD symptoms in adulthood. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20, 695-703. doi:10.1177/1087054712465337
Silvers, J., Lumian, D., Gabard-Durnam, L., Gee, D. G., Goff, B., Fareri, D., Caldera, C., Flannery, J., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., & Tottenham, N. (2016). Previous institutionalization is followed by broader amygdala-hippocampal-PFC network connectivity during aversive learning in human development. Journal of Neuroscience, 36, 6420-6430. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0038-16.2016
Non, A. L., Hollister, B. M., Humphreys, K. L., Childebayeva, A., Esteves, K., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Drury, S. S. (2016). DNA methylation at stress-related genes is associated with exposure to early life institutionalization. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 161, 84-93. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23010
Green, S. A., Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L. Flannery, J., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Louie, J., Tottenham, N. (2016). Discrimination of amygdala response predicts future separation anxiety in youth with early deprivation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. doi: 10.0000/jcpp.12578.
Gabard-Durnam, L., Gee, D. G., Goff, B., Flannery, J., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Lumian, D., Fareri, D., Caldera, C. & Tottenham, N. (2016). Stimulus-elicited connectivity influences resting-state connectivity years later in human development: A prospective study. Journal of Neuroscience, 36, 4771-4784. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0598-16.2016
Humphreys, K. L., Galán, C. A., Tottenham, N., & Lee, S. S. (2016). Impaired social decision-making mediates the association between ADHD and social problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 1023-1032. doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-0095-7.
Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E. H., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Gabard-Durnam, L., Gee, D. G., Lee, S. S., & Tottenham, N. (2016). Risky decision making from childhood through adulthood: Contributions of learning and sensitivity to negative feedback. Emotion, 16, 101-109. doi: 10.1037/emo0000116
2015
Humphreys, K. L., McGoron, L., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015). High-quality foster care mitigates callous-unemotional traits following early deprivation in boys: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 977-983. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.09.010. Comment by Dr. Joan Luby here.
Humphreys, K. L., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Miron, D. M., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015). Effects of institutional rearing and foster care on psychopathology at age 12 years in Romania: follow-up of an open, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 625-635. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00095-4 Comment by Dr. Michael Rutter here. The Lancet editorial coverage here.
Brett, Z. H., Humphreys, K. L., Fleming, A. S., Kraemer, G. W., & Drury, S. S. (2015). Using cross-species comparisons and a neurobiological framework to understand early social deprivation effects on behavioral development. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 347-367. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000036
Humphreys, K. L., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Drury, S. S. (2015). Serotonin transporter (5HTTLPR) genotype moderates the longitudinal impact of atypical attachment on externalizing behavior. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 36, 409-416. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000171. Comment by Dr. Jay Belsky here.
Humphreys, K. L., Lee, S. S., Telzer, E. H., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Goff, B., Flannery, J., & Tottenham, N. (2015). Exploration—exploitation strategy is dependent on early experience. Developmental Psychobiology, 57, 313-321. doi: 10.1002/dev.21293.
Benson, K., Flory, K., Humphreys, K. L., Lee, S. S. (2015). Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18, 50-76. doi: 10.1007/s10567-014-0177-z
Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015). Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 40, 154-170. doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.165.
†Brett, Z. H., †Humphreys, K. L., Smyke, A. T., Gleason, M. M., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Drury, S. S. (2015). 5HTTLPR genotype moderates the longitudinal impact of early caregiving on externalizing behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 7-18. doi:10.1017/S0954579414001266
2014
Humphreys, K. L., Scheeringa, M. S., & Drury, S. S. (2014). Race moderates the association of COMT genotype and posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 24, 454-457. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0077
†Gee, D. G., †Gabard-Durnam, L., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Goff, B., Flannery, J., Shapiro, M., Lumian, D.S., Fareri, D.S., Caldera, C. J., Tottenham, N. (2014). Maternal buffering of human amygdala–prefrontal circuitry during childhood but not adolescence. Psychological Science, 25, 2067-2078.doi:10.1177/0956797614550878
Sujan, A. C., Humphreys, K. L., Ray, L. A., & Lee, S. S. (2014). Differential association of child abuse with self-reported versus laboratory-based impulsivity and risk-taking in young adulthood. Child Maltreatment, 19, 145-155. doi:10.1177/1077559514543827
Brett, Z. H., Sheridan, M., Humphreys, K., Smyke, A., Gleason, M. M., Fox, N., Zeanah, C., Nelson, C., & Drury, S. (2014). A neurogenetics approach to defining differential susceptibility to institutional care. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39, 2150-2160. doi:10.1177/0165025414538557
Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E., Hare, T., & Tottenham, N. (2014). The development of human amygdala functional connectivity at rest from 4 to 23 Years: a cross-sectional study. NeuroImage, 95, 193-207. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.038
Tibu, F., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2014). Psychopathology in young children in two types of foster care following institutional rearing. Infant Mental Health Journal, 35, 123-131. doi:10.1002/imhj.21428
Lee, S. S., & Humphreys, K. L. (2014). Interactive association of dopamine receptor (DRD4) genotype and ADHD on alcohol expectancies in children.Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22, 100-109. doi:10.1037/a0035338
2013
Olsavsky, A., Telzer, E. H., Shapiro, M., Humphreys, K. L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Indiscriminate amygdala response to mothers and strangers following early maternal deprivation. Biological Psychiatry, 74, 853-860. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.025
Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E., Hare, T. A., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Early developmental emergence of human amygdala-PFC connectivity after maternal deprivation. Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences USA, 110, 15638–15643. doi:10.1073/pnas.1307893110
†Humphreys, K. L., †Katz, S. J., Lee, S. S., Hammen, C. L., Brennan, P. A., & Najman, J. M. (2013). The association of ADHD and depression: Mediation by peer problems and parent-child difficulties in two complementary samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 854-867. doi:10.1037/a0033895
Humphreys, K. L., Eng, T., & Lee, S. S. (2013). Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: A meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 740-749.doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1273
Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Reduced nucleus accumbens reactivity and adolescent depression following early-life stress. Neuroscience, 249, 129-138. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.010
Telzer, E., Flannery, J., Shapiro, M., Humphreys, K. L., Goff, B., Gabard-Durnam, L., Gee, D., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Early experience shapes amygdala sensitivity to race: An international adoption design. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 13484-13488. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1272-13.2013
Gee, D. G., Humphreys, K. L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Telzer, E. H., Shapiro, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Tottenham, N. (2013). A developmental shift from positive to negative connectivity in human amygdala-prefrontal circuitry. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 4584-4593. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3446-12.2013
Humphreys, K. L., Lee, S. S., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Not all risk taking behavior is bad: Associative sensitivity predicts learning during risk taking among high sensation seekers. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 709-715. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.031
Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Shapiro, M., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Amygdala sensitivity to race does not emerge until adolescence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 234-244. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00311
2012
Humphreys, K. L., Aguirre, V. P., & Lee, S. S. (2012). Association of anxiety and ODD/CD in children with and without ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 370-377. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.656557
Marx, B. P., Bovin, M. J., Suvak, M. K., Monson, C. M., Sloan, D. M., Fredman, S. J., Humphreys, K. L., Kaloupek, D. J., & Keane, T. M. (2012). Concordance between physiological arousal and subjective distress among combat Veterans undergoing challenge testing for PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 416-425. doi:10.1002/jts.21729
Tottenham, N., Shapiro, M., Telzer, E., & Humphreys, K. (2012). Amygdala response to mother. Developmental Science, 15, 307-319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01128.x
Humphreys, K. L., Foley, K., Feinstein, B. A., Marx, B. P., Kaloupek, D. G., & Keane, T. M. (2012). The influence of externalizing comorbidity on psychophysiological reactivity among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 145-151.doi:10.1037/a0022644
Humphreys, K. L., Mehta, N., & Lee, S. S. (2012). Association of parental ADHD and depression with externalizing and internalizing dimensions of child psychopathology. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16, 267-275. doi:10.1177/1087054710387264
2011
Castel, A. D., Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., & Moore, A. N. (2011). Memory capacity, selective control, and value-directed remembering in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychology, 25, 15-24. doi:10.1037/a0020298
Castel, A. D., Humphreys, K. L., Lee, S. S., Galvan, A., Balota, D. A. & McCabe, D. P. (2011). The development of memory efficiency and value-directed remembering across the life span: A cross-sectional study of memory and selectivity. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1553-1563. doi:10.1037/a0025623
Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., Flory, K., Liu, R., & Glass, K. (2011). Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 328-341. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006
Humphreys, K. L., & Lee, S. S. (2011). Risk taking and sensitivity to punishment in children with ADHD, ODD, ADHD+ODD, and controls. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 299-307. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9237-6
Feinstein, B. A., Humphreys, K. L., Bovin, M., Marx, B. P., & Resick, P. A. (2011). Victim—offender relationship, peritraumatic responses, and PTSD: A study of female rape survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3,192-200. doi:10.1037/a0021652
2008-2010
Humphreys, K. L., Sauder, C. L., Martin, E. K., & Marx, B. P. (2010). Tonic immobility in childhood sexual abuse survivors and its relation to posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 358-373. doi:10.1177/0886260509334412
Marx, B. P., Humphreys, K. L., Weathers, F. W., Martin, E. K., Sloan, D. M., Kaloupek, D. K., & Keane, T. M. (2008). Development and initial validation of a statistical prediction instrument for assessing combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 605-611.doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318181326d
Heflinger, C. A., & Humphreys, K. L. (2008). Identification and treatment of children with oppositional defiant disorder: A case study of the TennCare Medicaid system. Psychological Services, 5, 139-152. doi:10.1037/1541-1559.5.2.139
2019 and in press
Callaghan, B., Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Goff, B., Shapiro, M., Flannery, J., Lumian, D. S., Fareri, D. S., Caldera, C., & Tottenham, N. (in press). Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging.
Callaghan, B. L., Fields, A., Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L., Caldera, C., Humphreys, K. L., Goff, B., Flannery, J., Telzer, E. H., Shapiro, M., Tottenham, N. (in press). Mind and Gut: Associations between mood and gastrointestinal distress in children exposed to adversity. Development and Psychopathology.
Guyon-Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., Miron, D. M., Gleason, M. M., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (in press). Disinhibited social engagement disorder in early childhood and competence in early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.
Guyon-Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2019). Signs of attachment disorders and social functioning among early adolescents with a history of institutional care. Child Abuse and Neglect, 88, 96-106. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.005.
Humphreys, K. L. (in press). Understanding the link between early adversity and disease – stress, immunity, and prevention. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2018.12.019.
Humphreys, K. L. (in press). Future directions in the study and treatment of parent–child separation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1534209
Humphreys, K. L. (2019). Early caregiving intervention holds promise for long-term improvements in neural function following adversity. Biological Psychiatry, 85, e15-e16. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.12.005.
Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L., Goff, B., Telzer, E. H., Flannery, J., Gee, D. G., Park, V., Lee, S. S., & Tottenham, N. (in press). Friendship and social functioning following early institutional rearing: The role of ADHD symptoms. Development and Psychopathology
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Sacchet, M. D., Camacho, M. C., Colich, N. L., Ordaz, S. J., Ho, T. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Evidence for a sensitive period in the effects of early life stress on hippocampal volume. Developmental Science. (E-pub ahead of print). doi:10.1111/desc.12775
King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019). The neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments. Developmental Review, 51, 109-122. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2019.01.001
†Kircanski, K., †Sisk, L. M., Ho, T. C., Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Colich, N. L., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (in press). Early life stress, cortisol, frontolimbic connectivity, and depressive symptoms during puberty. Development and Psychopathology. (†equal contribution)
2018
Muscatell, K. A., Brosso, S., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018). Socioeconomic status and inflammation: A meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0259-2
Zeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018). Child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57, 637-644. doi:0.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.007
Ellwood-Lowe, M. E., Humphreys, K. L., Camacho, C. M., Sacchet, M. D., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Time-varying effects of income on hippocampal volume trajectories in adolescent girls. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 30, 41-50. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.12.005
Guyon-Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., Degnan, K., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. A. (in press). A prospective longitudinal study of reactive attachment disorder following early institutional care: Considering variable- and person-centered approaches. Attachment and Human Development. doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1499208
Guyon-Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. A. (2018). Course of disinhibited social engagement disorder from early childhood to early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57, 329–335.doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.02.009. Comment by Dr. Helen Minnis here.
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Choi, P., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Maternal depressive symptoms, self-focus, and caregiving behavior. Journal of Affective Disorders, 238, 465-471. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.072
Humphreys, K. L., Miron, D., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2018). Foster care promotes adaptive functioning in early adolescence among children who experienced severe, early deprivation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 811-821. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12865
Humphreys, K. L., Schouboe, S. N. F., Kircanski, K., Leibenluft, E., Stringaris, A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Irritability, externalizing, and internalizing psychopathology in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations and moderation by sex. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1460847
Humphreys, K. L., Tottenham, N., & Lee, S. S. (2018). Risky decision-making in children with and without ADHD: A prospective study. Child Neuropsychology, 24, 261-276. doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1264578
Humphreys, K. L., Watts, E. L., Dennis, E. L., King, L. S., Thompson, P. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Stressful life events, ADHD symptoms, and brain structure in early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Available early online. doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0443-5.
King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., Camacho, M. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). A person-centered approach to early life stress: Neurobiological and symptom correlates. Development and Psychopathology. doi:10.1017/S0954579418000184
LeMoult, J., Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Colich, N. L., Price, A. N., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Associations among early life stress, rumination, symptoms of psychopathology, and sex in youth in the early stages of puberty: A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Available early online. doi: 10.1007/s10802-018-0430-x.
Roth, M. C., Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Self-reported neglect, amygdala volume, and symptoms of anxiety in adolescent boys. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 80-89. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.016
2017
Colich, N. L., Williams, E. S., Ho, T. C., King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., Price, A. N., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017). The association between early life stress and prefrontal cortex activation during implicit emotion regulation is moderated by sex in early adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 1851-1864.
Ho, T. C., King, L. S., Leong, J. K., Colich, N. L., Humphreys, K. L., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017). Effects of sensitivity to life stress on uncinate fasciculus segments in early adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. doi:10.1093/scan/nsx065
†Davis, E. G., †Humphreys, K. L., McEwen, L. M., Sacchet, M. D., Camacho, M. C., MacIsaac, J. L., Lin, D., Kobor, M. S., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017). Diurnal cortisol, accelerated methylation age, and reduced hippocampal volume in adolescent girls. Translational Psychiatry, 7,e1223. doi:10.1038/tp.2017.188. (†equal contribution)
Galán, C. A., & Humphreys, K. L. (2017). ADHD and substance use: Current evidence and treatment considerations. Psychiatric Times.
Flannery, J., Gabard-Durnam, L., Shapiro, M., Goff, B., Caldera, C., Louie, J., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E., Humphreys, K. L., Lumian, D. S., Tottenham, N. (2017). Diurnal cortisol after early institutional care - Age matters. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 160-166.doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.03.006
Humphreys, K. L., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017). Signs of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder at age 12 years: Effects of institutional care history and high-quality foster care. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 675-684. doi:10.1017/S0954579417000256
VanTieghem, M. R., Gabard-Durnam, L., Goff, B., Flannery, J., Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E. H., Caldera, C., Louie, J. Y., Shapiro, M., Bolger, N., & Tottenham, N. (2017). Positive valence bias and parent-child relationship security moderate the association between early institutional care and internalizing problems. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 519-533. doi:10.1017/S0954579417000153
Zeanah, C. H., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017). Alternatives for abandoned children. Insights from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 182-188. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.024.
King, L. S., Colich, N. L., LeMoult, J., Humphreys, K. L., Ordaz, S. J., Price, A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017). The impact of the severity of early life stress on diurnal cortisol: The role of puberty. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 77, 68-74. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.024
Humphreys, K. L., Weems, C. F., & Scheeringa, M. S. (2017). The role of anxiety control and treatment implications of informant agreement on child PTSD symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46, 903-914. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1094739
2016
Humphreys, K. L., Esteves, K., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Drury, S. S. (2016). Accelerated telomere shortening: Tracking the lasting impact of early institutional care at the cellular level. Psychiatry Research, 246, 95-100. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.012.
Gleason, M. M. & Humphreys, K. L. (2016). Categorical diagnosis of extreme hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention in very young children. Infant Mental Health Journal, 37, 476-485. doi:10.1002/imhj.21592
Humphreys, K. L., Kircanski, K., Colich, N. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2016). Attentional avoidance of fearful facial expressions following early life stress is associated with impaired social functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 1174-1182. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12607
Singer, M. J., Humphreys, K. L., & Lee, S. S. (2016). Coping self-efficacy mediates the association between abuse during childhood and ADHD symptoms in adulthood. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20, 695-703. doi:10.1177/1087054712465337
Silvers, J., Lumian, D., Gabard-Durnam, L., Gee, D. G., Goff, B., Fareri, D., Caldera, C., Flannery, J., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., & Tottenham, N. (2016). Previous institutionalization is followed by broader amygdala-hippocampal-PFC network connectivity during aversive learning in human development. Journal of Neuroscience, 36, 6420-6430. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0038-16.2016
Non, A. L., Hollister, B. M., Humphreys, K. L., Childebayeva, A., Esteves, K., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Drury, S. S. (2016). DNA methylation at stress-related genes is associated with exposure to early life institutionalization. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 161, 84-93. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23010
Green, S. A., Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L. Flannery, J., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Louie, J., Tottenham, N. (2016). Discrimination of amygdala response predicts future separation anxiety in youth with early deprivation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. doi: 10.0000/jcpp.12578.
Gabard-Durnam, L., Gee, D. G., Goff, B., Flannery, J., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Lumian, D., Fareri, D., Caldera, C. & Tottenham, N. (2016). Stimulus-elicited connectivity influences resting-state connectivity years later in human development: A prospective study. Journal of Neuroscience, 36, 4771-4784. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0598-16.2016
Humphreys, K. L., Galán, C. A., Tottenham, N., & Lee, S. S. (2016). Impaired social decision-making mediates the association between ADHD and social problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 1023-1032. doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-0095-7.
Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E. H., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Gabard-Durnam, L., Gee, D. G., Lee, S. S., & Tottenham, N. (2016). Risky decision making from childhood through adulthood: Contributions of learning and sensitivity to negative feedback. Emotion, 16, 101-109. doi: 10.1037/emo0000116
2015
Humphreys, K. L., McGoron, L., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015). High-quality foster care mitigates callous-unemotional traits following early deprivation in boys: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 977-983. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.09.010. Comment by Dr. Joan Luby here.
Humphreys, K. L., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Miron, D. M., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015). Effects of institutional rearing and foster care on psychopathology at age 12 years in Romania: follow-up of an open, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 625-635. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00095-4 Comment by Dr. Michael Rutter here. The Lancet editorial coverage here.
Brett, Z. H., Humphreys, K. L., Fleming, A. S., Kraemer, G. W., & Drury, S. S. (2015). Using cross-species comparisons and a neurobiological framework to understand early social deprivation effects on behavioral development. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 347-367. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000036
Humphreys, K. L., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Drury, S. S. (2015). Serotonin transporter (5HTTLPR) genotype moderates the longitudinal impact of atypical attachment on externalizing behavior. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 36, 409-416. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000171. Comment by Dr. Jay Belsky here.
Humphreys, K. L., Lee, S. S., Telzer, E. H., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Goff, B., Flannery, J., & Tottenham, N. (2015). Exploration—exploitation strategy is dependent on early experience. Developmental Psychobiology, 57, 313-321. doi: 10.1002/dev.21293.
Benson, K., Flory, K., Humphreys, K. L., Lee, S. S. (2015). Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18, 50-76. doi: 10.1007/s10567-014-0177-z
Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015). Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 40, 154-170. doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.165.
†Brett, Z. H., †Humphreys, K. L., Smyke, A. T., Gleason, M. M., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Drury, S. S. (2015). 5HTTLPR genotype moderates the longitudinal impact of early caregiving on externalizing behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 7-18. doi:10.1017/S0954579414001266
2014
Humphreys, K. L., Scheeringa, M. S., & Drury, S. S. (2014). Race moderates the association of COMT genotype and posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 24, 454-457. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0077
†Gee, D. G., †Gabard-Durnam, L., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Goff, B., Flannery, J., Shapiro, M., Lumian, D.S., Fareri, D.S., Caldera, C. J., Tottenham, N. (2014). Maternal buffering of human amygdala–prefrontal circuitry during childhood but not adolescence. Psychological Science, 25, 2067-2078.doi:10.1177/0956797614550878
Sujan, A. C., Humphreys, K. L., Ray, L. A., & Lee, S. S. (2014). Differential association of child abuse with self-reported versus laboratory-based impulsivity and risk-taking in young adulthood. Child Maltreatment, 19, 145-155. doi:10.1177/1077559514543827
Brett, Z. H., Sheridan, M., Humphreys, K., Smyke, A., Gleason, M. M., Fox, N., Zeanah, C., Nelson, C., & Drury, S. (2014). A neurogenetics approach to defining differential susceptibility to institutional care. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39, 2150-2160. doi:10.1177/0165025414538557
Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E., Hare, T., & Tottenham, N. (2014). The development of human amygdala functional connectivity at rest from 4 to 23 Years: a cross-sectional study. NeuroImage, 95, 193-207. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.038
Tibu, F., Humphreys, K. L., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2014). Psychopathology in young children in two types of foster care following institutional rearing. Infant Mental Health Journal, 35, 123-131. doi:10.1002/imhj.21428
Lee, S. S., & Humphreys, K. L. (2014). Interactive association of dopamine receptor (DRD4) genotype and ADHD on alcohol expectancies in children.Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22, 100-109. doi:10.1037/a0035338
2013
Olsavsky, A., Telzer, E. H., Shapiro, M., Humphreys, K. L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Indiscriminate amygdala response to mothers and strangers following early maternal deprivation. Biological Psychiatry, 74, 853-860. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.025
Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E., Hare, T. A., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Early developmental emergence of human amygdala-PFC connectivity after maternal deprivation. Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences USA, 110, 15638–15643. doi:10.1073/pnas.1307893110
†Humphreys, K. L., †Katz, S. J., Lee, S. S., Hammen, C. L., Brennan, P. A., & Najman, J. M. (2013). The association of ADHD and depression: Mediation by peer problems and parent-child difficulties in two complementary samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 854-867. doi:10.1037/a0033895
Humphreys, K. L., Eng, T., & Lee, S. S. (2013). Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: A meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 740-749.doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1273
Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L., Flannery, J., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Reduced nucleus accumbens reactivity and adolescent depression following early-life stress. Neuroscience, 249, 129-138. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.010
Telzer, E., Flannery, J., Shapiro, M., Humphreys, K. L., Goff, B., Gabard-Durnam, L., Gee, D., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Early experience shapes amygdala sensitivity to race: An international adoption design. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 13484-13488. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1272-13.2013
Gee, D. G., Humphreys, K. L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Telzer, E. H., Shapiro, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Tottenham, N. (2013). A developmental shift from positive to negative connectivity in human amygdala-prefrontal circuitry. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 4584-4593. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3446-12.2013
Humphreys, K. L., Lee, S. S., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Not all risk taking behavior is bad: Associative sensitivity predicts learning during risk taking among high sensation seekers. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 709-715. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.031
Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Shapiro, M., & Tottenham, N. (2013). Amygdala sensitivity to race does not emerge until adolescence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 234-244. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00311
2012
Humphreys, K. L., Aguirre, V. P., & Lee, S. S. (2012). Association of anxiety and ODD/CD in children with and without ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 370-377. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.656557
Marx, B. P., Bovin, M. J., Suvak, M. K., Monson, C. M., Sloan, D. M., Fredman, S. J., Humphreys, K. L., Kaloupek, D. J., & Keane, T. M. (2012). Concordance between physiological arousal and subjective distress among combat Veterans undergoing challenge testing for PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 416-425. doi:10.1002/jts.21729
Tottenham, N., Shapiro, M., Telzer, E., & Humphreys, K. (2012). Amygdala response to mother. Developmental Science, 15, 307-319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01128.x
Humphreys, K. L., Foley, K., Feinstein, B. A., Marx, B. P., Kaloupek, D. G., & Keane, T. M. (2012). The influence of externalizing comorbidity on psychophysiological reactivity among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 145-151.doi:10.1037/a0022644
Humphreys, K. L., Mehta, N., & Lee, S. S. (2012). Association of parental ADHD and depression with externalizing and internalizing dimensions of child psychopathology. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16, 267-275. doi:10.1177/1087054710387264
2011
Castel, A. D., Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., & Moore, A. N. (2011). Memory capacity, selective control, and value-directed remembering in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychology, 25, 15-24. doi:10.1037/a0020298
Castel, A. D., Humphreys, K. L., Lee, S. S., Galvan, A., Balota, D. A. & McCabe, D. P. (2011). The development of memory efficiency and value-directed remembering across the life span: A cross-sectional study of memory and selectivity. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1553-1563. doi:10.1037/a0025623
Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., Flory, K., Liu, R., & Glass, K. (2011). Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 328-341. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006
Humphreys, K. L., & Lee, S. S. (2011). Risk taking and sensitivity to punishment in children with ADHD, ODD, ADHD+ODD, and controls. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 299-307. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9237-6
Feinstein, B. A., Humphreys, K. L., Bovin, M., Marx, B. P., & Resick, P. A. (2011). Victim—offender relationship, peritraumatic responses, and PTSD: A study of female rape survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3,192-200. doi:10.1037/a0021652
2008-2010
Humphreys, K. L., Sauder, C. L., Martin, E. K., & Marx, B. P. (2010). Tonic immobility in childhood sexual abuse survivors and its relation to posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 358-373. doi:10.1177/0886260509334412
Marx, B. P., Humphreys, K. L., Weathers, F. W., Martin, E. K., Sloan, D. M., Kaloupek, D. K., & Keane, T. M. (2008). Development and initial validation of a statistical prediction instrument for assessing combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 605-611.doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318181326d
Heflinger, C. A., & Humphreys, K. L. (2008). Identification and treatment of children with oppositional defiant disorder: A case study of the TennCare Medicaid system. Psychological Services, 5, 139-152. doi:10.1037/1541-1559.5.2.139